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Tatizo la Kutotulia

Tatizo la Kutotulia
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje
SpecialtyPsychiatry, child and adolescent psychiatry Edit this on Wikidata
ICD-10F90.
ICD-9314.00, 314.01
OMIM143465
DiseasesDB6158
MedlinePlus001551
eMedicinemed/3103 ped/177
MeSHD001289

Tatizo la Kutotulia (kwa Kiingereza: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) ni tatizo la akili[1] linalohusu ukuaji wa nyuro [2][3] ambapo kuna utovu wa umakinifu na kutenda kwa usukumizi ambavyo si mwafaka kwa umri wa mtu.[4]

Ili utambuzi ufanywe, ni sharti dalili hizo ziwe zimeanza mtoto akiwa kati ya miaka sita na kumi na mbili na zidhihirike kwa zaidi ya miezi sita.[5][6] Kukosa kumakinika hufanya matokeo kuwa duni kwa watu wanaokwenda shule. Licha ya hali hii kuwa tatizo la akili lililotafitiwa na kutambuliwa mara nyingi katika watoto na vijana, kisababishi chake katika visa vingi hakijajulikana. Tatizo hili huwaathiri takriban asilimia 6 hadi 7 ya watoto wanaotambulika kupitia kigezo cha DSM-IV[7] na asilimia 1 hadi 2 wanaotambulika kupitia kigezo cha ICD-10.[8] Viwango vya visa huwa sawa katika nchi zote na hutegemea sana namna ya utambuzi.[9] TKUU hutokea takriban mara tatu au zaidi katika wavulana kuliko wasichana.[10][11] Karibu asilimia 30 - 50 ya watu wanaotambulika kuwa na tatizo hili wakiwa wachanga huendelea kuwa na dalili hizi katika utu uzima[12] na asilimia 2 - 5 ya watu wazima wana hali hii.[1] Hali hii inaweza kuwa ngumu kutofautishwa na matatizo mengine sawia na yale yenye kupepesuka kwa kawaida.[6] Udhibiti wa tatizo hilo mara nyingi huhusisha mchanganyiko wa ushauri nasaha, mabadiliko ya maisha na matibabu ya kutumia dawa. Dawa hupendekezwa kama tiba ya kwanza katika watoto wenye dalili kali na zinaweza kutumika katika wenye dalili za wastani wasiorekebika baada ya kushauriwa.[13]: p.317  Athari za muda mrefu za dawa hizo hazijulikani na matibabu haya hayapendekezwi katika watoto wasiofikia umri wa kwenda shule. Vijana na watu wazima huelekea kukuza stadi za kuhimila zinazochukua nafasi ya udhaifu wao.[14]

Tatizo hilo na utambuzi na matibabu yake limeonekana kuwa na utata kwanzia miaka ya 1970.[15] Utata huu umewahusisha matabibu, walimu, viongozi, wazazi na watangazaji. Mada za utata hujumuisha visababishi vya tatizo hili na utumizi wa vichangamsho kama matibabu.[16][17] Wahudumu wengi wa afya hukubali kwamba hilo ni tatizo halisi linalozua mjadala katika jamii ya kisayansi, hasa kuhusu jinsi linavyotambuliwa na kutibiwa.[18][19][20]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kooij-2010
  2. ↑ Sroubek, A (2013 Feb). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience bulletin. 29 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMID 23299717. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Caroline2010
  4. ↑ Childress, AC (2012 Feb 12). "Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents". Drugs. 72 (3): 309–25. doi:10.2165/11599580-000000000-00000. PMID 22316347. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ↑ "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Symptoms and Diagnosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Desemba 12, 2010. Iliwekwa mnamo Julai 3, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lake, Mina K. Dulcan, MaryBeth (2011). Concise guide to child and adolescent psychiatry (toleo la 4th). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. uk. 34. ISBN 9781585624164.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pmid22976615
  8. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cowen2012
  9. ↑ Jones, edited by Ming Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, Peter B. (2011-03-25). Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology (toleo la 3rd). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. uk. 450. ISBN 9780470977408. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H (2009). "[Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]". Encephale (kwa French). 35 (2): 107–14. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005. PMID 19393378. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ↑ Singh I (2008). "Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9 (12): 957–64. doi:10.1038/nrn2514. PMID 19020513. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Balint2008
  13. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NICE2008
  14. ↑ Gentile, Julie; Atiq, R; Gillig, PM (2004). "Adult ADHD: diagnosis, differential diagnosis and medication management". Psychiatry. 3 (8): 24–30. PMC 2957278. PMID 20963192.
  15. ↑ Parrillo, Vincent (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE. uk. 63. ISBN 978-1-4129-4165-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-02.
  16. ↑ Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J (2008). "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children". Harv Rev Psychiatry. 16 (3): 151–66. doi:10.1080/10673220802167782. PMID 18569037.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Cohen, Donald J.; Cicchetti, Dante (2006). Developmental psychopathology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-23737-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E (2004). "When the child with ADHD grows up" (PDF). Aust Fam Physician. 33 (8): 615–8. PMID 15373378. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-09-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-01-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Silver, Larry B (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (toleo la 3rd). American Psychiatric Publishing. uk. 4–7. ISBN 1-58562-131-5.
  20. ↑ Schonwald A, Lechner E (2006). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 18 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70. PMID 16601502. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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